١ - Bloomfield (Leonard) «Language»،London ١٩٦٢.

٢ -Brockelmann: «GechichteDerArbi shchen Litteratur»،Brill،١٩٣٨.

٣ -DeSaussure (Fedenand): «Course In General Linguistics»، Translated from the French by: WadeBaiskin، NewYork.

٤ - The Encyclopaedia Britanica.

٥ - The Encyclopaedia of Islam.

٦ - Jespersen (Otto): «Language: Its Nature Development and Origin»، London، ١٩٥٩.

٧ - Sapir (Edward): «Language: An Introduction to the study of Speech.